11. Copying/Moving or Repositioning using (1) copy>paste and (2) shortcut method to copy paste: make selection with tool till marching ants, click crossbar in toolbox, position in center of object, hold down Option in Mac or Alt in PC till you see a double arrow, drag the copy to reposition

12. cropping (remember to press Enter when done and not select>deselect)

13. Using brushes

14. selecting and painting—selecting and adding gradient

15. adjusting tonal range of photo (Image>Adjustments>Levels)

16. removing a color cast—imbalance of color (Layer>New Adjustment Layer>Color Balance)

17. Replacing colors in an image using Replace Color Command (creates a temporary mask –masks let you isolate an area of an image so changes affect just the selected area and not the rest of the image) How to: select background layer, select marquee and draw selection around area you want to replace color. Choose Image>Adjust>Replace Color. In dialog box, use eyedropper tool to select any color that’ll be masked and replaced with a new color (first eyedropper tool selects single color, eyedropper plus tool adds color to selection, eyedropper minus tool subtracts colors from a selection). Adjust tolerance level (fuzziness) of mask located in dialog box. Use slider for hue, saturation, and lightness. click OK to apply changes.

18.  Hue: color

      Saturation: purity or strength of color          I

       Lightness: how much white or black is in color

19. Adjusting saturation with sponge tool—try out different options in the toolbar

20.  Adjusting lightness with dodge tool--try out different options in toolbar

21. removing unwanted objects with the clone stamp tool—you can clone an area of an image you want to eliminate— example: can eliminate an object by painting over it with the clone stamp tool (our boat and water exercise)

Center clone stamp tool over the area/image you want to copy

Hold down ALT/OPT and click to sample or copy that part of the image/area

Click or drag clone stamp tool over the area/image you want to paint over

22. Replacing part of an image:

Select area you want replaced (can use magic wand)

go to an image in another document and do a selection of it and then >Copy

Go back to the document where you want that image replaced and select >Paste Into.

With the appropriate layer selected, adjust opacity to make it blend better if needed. 

23. Using Image>Adjust

24. Applying Drop Shadows

1. Layer>Layer Style>Drop Shadow

2. Try out different blending modes

25. Colorizing a Black and White Photo:

Open B&W photo

go to Image>Mode and change from grayscale to RGB

create a new layer for colorizing the B&W

select image you want to change/add color with a selection tool (lasso, marquee, etc) till marching ants

 Select color

Edit>Fill -- be sure foreground color is selected for color to fill

Select>Deselect.  For each item in a photo you colorize, be sure to create a new layer.

26.  Adjusting/changing color: Image>Adjust>Hue and Saturation

27.  Cleaning Up a Photo:

Be sure you’re in proper layer (background layer is OK)

select area you want to touch up (like a scratch on a photo) with a selection tool (like lasso, marquee)

close till marching ants

Filter>Noise>Dust and Scratches

move radius till blurs

Click OK

Select>Deselect

28. Feathering (blurs/softens edges—can be defined in marquee and lasso tools in their tool palette) To define a feathered edge for an existing selection: Select>Feather and enter a value for Feather radius.

            How to make a vignette using marquee tool, inverse, and feathering:

Open document with photo that you want to make a vignette

Select image using elliptical marquee till you see marching ants

in marquee palette, change feather value (e.g., 25)

Select>Inverse (marching ants now include outside border of image)

Strike the delete key

Select>Deselect

29.  Inverse (to delete area outside selected image)

Select image with marquee or lasso tool till marching ants

Select>Inverse

Marching ants will now include outside border of your selected image

strike Delete key

Select>Deselect

30. Making a soft edged product shot background (as seen in some ads):

Open new document in RGB mode

Choose a light foreground color that you want to appear in the center of your background

Fill using paint bucket

In layers palette, create a new layer—make sure this layer is on top of the other one

In new layer, set foreground color to a darker shade of the color you used earlier (e.g., if you started with light green, then choose a dark green)

Fill the layer using paint bucket

select Rectangular Marquee and draw a rectangular selection in your new layer that you painted dark color (eg., dark green) about ½” to 1” inside the edges of the image (your image is an all dark color that you selected, such as a dark green)

Select>Feather, enter 25 for value  or 60 if you have a higher resolution (300 ppi), click OK (feathering will soften edges of your selection—you’ll see the edges of your selection rounded on the screen)

Press Delete on MAC or BACKSPACE on PC to knock out a soft-edged hole in your top/darker layer

Open the head shot of a person or other silhouetted image you want to place on this background. Select just the image and drag it on top of your original document to give a studio backdrop look to your head shot or silhouetted image.

Add headline and/or body copy           

31.       Resizing your image:

Edit>Transform>Scale

Hold down Shift key and drag on handles to the size you want (to maintain proportion)

Press Enter/Return

32.       Reflection of Image (like the Ducky exercise)

Open new document with transparent and RGB

add color to background layer—can use a gradient if you like

Open Ducky image

drag a copy of Ducky into your document

resize Ducky image (Edit>Transform>Scale; hold down Shift key while dragging handles to resize; Press Enter/Return)

Delete the white space in the ducky image (ducky is its own layer—be sure you are in that layer): Can use Magic wand to select white space and press delete

While in Ducky layer, click in Layers palette flyout for Duplicate Layer

While in Duplicate Ducky layer: Edit>Transform>Flip Vertical

Drag Ducky down below the original Ducky where their bottoms are almost touching

Lower the opacity of the duplicate Ducky copy to about 40% (gives it a reflection look)

Add text if desired

33.  Making Clouds

In document, select area you want to make clouds (or if you want an entire document, of clouds, then do File>New)

Select color for clouds till foreground color chip is color desired

Filter>Render>Clouds

OK

To adjust color: Image>Adjust>Hue and Saturation 

34.  To add sun/sun glare in clouds

Filter>Render>Lens Flare

Adjust brightness level

In dialog box move flare where you want it

Select lens type

OK

35. Blending two images as one (an example of a way to do this)

Open two files

Drag one picture from a file and drop it into another file (select one picture for the background and put the other on top in Layers palette)

Edit>Transform>Scale (hold shift key and drag picture to cover the background layer)

Go to blending mode flyout in Layers palette.

Select multiply

36. Adjusting color

            Image>Adjust>Hue and Saturation

37. About Flattening your image

You can make a copy of your file with the layers flattened once you have edited all the layers in your image. Flattening a file merges your layers into a single background and reduces the file size. Flatten you image only when you are content with your design. You should save a copy of your file with all its layers in case you decide to make changes later.

Layer>Flatten Image

38. Softening Edges of a Selection

            Two ways to smooth hard edges of a selection:

Anti-aliasing: softens color transition between edge pixels and background pixels; no detail is lost. Good to use when cutting, copying and pasting selections to create composite images. Once a selection is made, you can’t add anti-aliasing.

Select Marquee or lasso tools

In tool options bar, check Anti Aliased

Feathering: blurs edges by building a transition boundary between the selection and its surrounding pixels. Blurring can cause some loss of detail at edge of selection.

Select Marquee or lasso tools.

Enter a feather value in the tools options bar (value defines the width of the feathered edge and can range from  1-250 pixels)

To define a feathered edge for an existing selection: Select>Feather. Enter value for Feather Radius and click OK.

Boat Exercise: Practice/Review

1. Crop

            Crop tool

            Drag around image

Grab handles to shrink, enlarge, and rotate (to rotate, place cursor on corner handle till double curved arrow appears and then rotate)      

2. Adjust tonal range (contrast/detail in image)

            >image>adjust >levels

Histogram: dark triangles are shadows, white triangles are highlights, gray ones are midtones/gamma

Drag Left and Right sliders (dark triangles) inward

Make sure preview is on

You can also use Image>Adjust> Auto Contrast

3. Remove Color Cast (imbalances of color)

Layer>New Adjustment Layer>Color Balance (good to use an adjustment layer in case you later want to make changes)

            Drag sliders (15, +8, 0)

            Midtones

            Make sure preview is on

            OK

4. Replace Colors

Replace Color command creates temporary masks based on specific colors and replaces the colors. Masks let you isolate an area of an image so changes affect just the selected area and not the rest of the image

            Options let you adjust hue (color), saturation (purity of color) and lightness

            In Layers palette, select Background

            Zoom tool. Click once on tarp to zoom in

            Select rectangular marquee tool. Draw a selection around the tarp

            Image>Adjust>Replace Color

Eyedropper Tool: first one selects single color, eyedropper-plus is used to add colors to a selection, eyedropper-minus is used to subtract colors

Select eyedropper tool in Replace Color dialog box

Click once on the orange tarp to select it

Select eyedropper-plus tool

Click and drag over the other areas of the tarp till entire tarp is highlighted in white in dialog box

Adjust tolerance level—move fuzziness slider to 61 (fuzziness controls the degree to which related colors are included in mask)

Select Eyedropper-minus tool and click in black area around selection in replace Color dialog box to remove any white

In Transform area of Replace Color dialog box, drag Hue slider to +160, Saturation to –20, and Lightness to –40

Click OK

Select>Deselect

5. Adjusting saturation with sponge tool

            Saturation: adjusting its strength or purity

Sponge tool (behind dodge tool)

In tool options bar, choose Saturate from the Mode menu. Enter 90 in the Pressure Box to set intensity of saturation

Click arrow to display the Brush Pop Up palette and select a large, feathered brush

Drag sponge back and forth over gondolas to saturate their colors

6. Adjusting lightness with Dodge tool

Dodge tool (traditional photographer’s method of holding back light during exposure to lighten area of image)

Select Dodge tool (hidden under sponge)

Tool options bar, choose Highlights from Range menu and enter 50 in Exposure text box

Drag dodge tool back and forth and it’ll bring out its highlights

7. Removing unwanted objects using Clone Stamp tool

to eliminate the small boat near the center if the image and painting over it with a copy of the water:

Zoom tool. Click the small boat to magnify that part of the image.

Select Clone Stamp tool

In tool options bar: make sure Aligned option is deselected!! In brush pop-up palette, choose medium-size brush

Center the Clone Stamp tool over the water. Hold down ALT/OPTION and click to sample or copy that part of the image make sure the area you selected will blend well with the area around the object you are removing)

Click or drag the clone Stamp tool over the boat to paint over it with a copy of the water you just sampled—cross hair follows your cursor as you paint

Double click Hand tool to fit image on screen

8. Replacing part of an image

            Magic wand

            Tool options bar, set Tolerance to 16

            Select part of the sky. Hold down Shift and click rest of sky

            File>Open

            Open the cloud file

            Select>All

            Edit>Copy (to copy clouds--first make clouds and then copy. how to make clouds is available in this revew)

            Go to file/document where the magic wand is highlighting,

            Edit>Paste Into

            Select Move tool and drag clouds into position you want

            Change opacity so clouds blend better with rest of image