Scientific Literature

Grunion Literature Review

Journal Articles, Book Chapters, Theses, Dissertations:

1990-1999     1980-1989     1970-1979     1960-1969     1950-1959     
1940-1949
     1930-1939     1920-1929     1900-1919     Before 1900

2000 - present

Allen, L.G., A. M. Findlay, and C. M. Phalen. 2002. Structure and standing stock of the fish assemblages of San Diego Bay, California from 1994 to 1999. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. 101: 49-85.

Allen, L., M. Horn, and D. Pondella (Eds.). 2006. Ecology of California Marine Fishes. University of California Press.

Barton, M. 2007. Bond’s Biology of Fishes, 3rd Edition. Thomson-Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA.

Gaida, I. H., D. G. Buth, S. D. Matthews, A. L. Snow, S. B. Luo, and S. Kutsuna. 2003. Allozymic variation and population structure of the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae). Copeia 2003: 594-600.

Gregory, P. A. 2001. Grunion. Pp. 246-247 in California’s Living Marine Resources: A Status Report. W. S. Leet, C. M. Dewees, R. Klingbeill, and E. J. Larson (Eds.). California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, 592 pp.

Griem, J. N. and K. L. M. Martin. 2000. Wave action: the environmental trigger for hatching in the California grunion Leuresthes tenius (Teleostei: Atherinopsidae). Marine Biology 137:177-181.

Horn, M. H. and K. L. M. Martin. 2006. Intertidal fishes. In: L. Allen, M. Horn, and D. Pondella (Eds.), Ecology of California Marine Fishes. University of California Press.

Leet, W. S., C. M. Dewees, R. Klingbeill, and E. J. Larson (Eds.). 2001. California’s Living Marine Resources: A Status Report. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, 592 pp.

Martin, K. L. M. Non-Tidal Rhythms. 2007. In: M. Denny and S. Gaines (eds.), Encyclopedia of Tidepools. University of California Press 468-469.

Martin, K. L. M. and D. L. Swiderski. 2001. Beach spawning in fishes: Phylogenetic tests of hypotheses. American Zoologist 41:526-537.

Martin, K., T. Speer-Blank, R. Pommerening, J. Flannery, and K. Carpenter. 2006. Does beach grooming harm grunion eggs? Shore & Beach 74:17-22.

Martin, K. L. M., C. R. Van Winkle, J. E. Drais, and H. Lakisic. 2004. Beach spawning fishes, terrestrial eggs, and air breathing. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77: 750-759.

Mellinger, J. 2002. Sexualite et Reproduction des Poissons. CNRS Editions, Paris, FR.

Moyle, P. B. and J. J. Cech, Jr. 2000. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4th Edition. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Richardson, D. (ed.) 2005. Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving, 3rd Edition. PADI, Santa Margarita, CA.

Roberts, D., R. N. Lea, and K. L. M. Martin. 2007. First record of the occurrence of the California Grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, in Tomales Bay, California; a northern extension of the species. California Fish & Game 93:107-110.

Smyder, E. A. and K. L. M. Martin. 2002. Temperature effects on egg survival and hatching during the extended incubation period of California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis. Copeia 2002: 313-320.

Speer-Blank, T., and K. L. M. Martin. 2004. Hatching events in the California Grunion, Leuresthes tenuis. Copeia 2004: 21-27.

Valdéz-Moreno, M. and L. Vásquez-Yeomans. 2001. Description of the osteological development of the caudal complex of laboratory-reared larvae of grunion Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres, 1860). Bulletin of Marine Science 68(2): 351-356.

Vasquez-Yeomans, L., M. Valdez-Moreno, and W. L. Richards. 2000. Description of laboratory -reared larvae of California grunion and comparisons with the larvae of topsmelt and jacksmelt. Calif. Fish and Game 86: 175-185.

Yoklavich, M. A., G. M. Cailliet, D. S. Oxman, J. P. Barry, and D. C. Lindquist. 2002. Fishes. Pp. 163-185 in Changes in a California Estuary: A Profile of Elkhorn Slough. J. Caffrey, M. Brown, W. B. Tyler, and M. Silberstein (Eds.), Elkhorn Slough Foundation, Moss Landing, CA.

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1990 - 1999

Benz, G. W., R. L. Otting, and A. Case. 1995. Resdescription of Argulus melanostictus (Branchiura: Argulidae), a parasite of California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis: Atherinidae), with notes regarding chemical control of A. melanostictus in a captive host population. Journal of Parasitology 81: 754-761.

Broadbent, S. L. 1998. Embryo survival of the California grunion, Leuresthes tenius (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae): Individual and seasonal variation in egg pod viability. Master’s Thesis, California State University Long Beach, CA. 50 p.

Darken, R. S., K. L. M. Martin, and M. C. Fisher. 1998. Metabolism during delayed hatching in terrestrial eggs of a marine fish, the grunion Leuresthes tenius. Physiological Zoology 71(4):400-406.

DeMartini, E. E. 1999. Intertidal spawning. In M. H. Horn, K. L. M. Martin, and M. A. Chotkowski (eds.), Intertidal fishes: Life in two worlds, pp. 143-164. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Dyer, B. S. and B. Chernoff. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships among atheriniform fishes (Teleostei: Atherinomorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 1-69.

Gellert, G. A., S. J. Daugherty, L. Rabiee, M. Mazur, R. E. Merryman. 1994. California’s American Trader oil spill: Effective interagency and public-private collaboration in environmental disaster. J. Environmental Health 46(4): 7- .

Gobalet, K. W. and T. L. Jones. 1995. Prehistoric Native American fisheries of the central California coast. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124: 813-823.

Goodman, L.R., M. J. Hemmer, D. P. Middaugh, and J. C. Moore. 1992. Effects of fenvalerate on the early life stages of topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11: 409-414.

Graham, J. B. 1997. Air-Breathing Fishes: Evolution, Diversity, and Adaptation. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Horn, M. H., K. L. M. Martin, and M. A. Chotkowski, eds. 1999. Intertidal fishes: Life in Two Worlds, pp. 143-164. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 399 pp.

Lawrenz-Miller, S. 1991. Grunion spawning versus beach nourishment: nursery or burial ground? Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. Coastal Zone ’91. 3: 2197-2208.

Love, R. M. 1996. Probably More than You Want to Know about the Fishes of the Pacific Coast. 2nd edition. Really Big Press, Santa Barbara.

Martin, K.L.M. 1999. Ready and waiting: delayed hatching and extended incubation of anamniotic vertebrate terrestrial eggs. Amer. Zool. 39: 279-288.

Middaugh, D. P., L. R. Goodman, and M. J. Hemmer. 1993. Methods for spawning, culturing and conducting toxicity tests with early life stages of estuarine and marine fishes. Pp. 167-192 in : Handbook of Ecotoxicology, Volume One. P. Calow, Ed. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, England.

Munro, A. D., A. P. Scott, and T. J. Lam, eds. 1990. Reproductive Seasonality in Teleosts: Environmental Influences. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Parenti, L. R. 1993. Relationships of atherinomorph fishes (Teleostei). Bull. Marine Sci. 52: 170-196.

Parenti, L. R. and J. Song. 1996. Phylogenetic significance of the pectoral-pelvic fin association in acanthomorph fishes: a reassessment using comparative neuroanatomy. Pp. 427-444 in: Interrelationships of Fishes, M. L. J. Stiassny, J. R. Parenti, and G. D. Johnson, Eds. Academic Press, San Diego.

Paxton, J. R. and W. N. Eschmeyer, eds. 1994. Encyclopedia of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego.

Penn, D. and H. J. Brockmann. 1994. Nest-site selection in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Biol. Bull. 187: 373- .

Rosales-Casian, J. A. 1994. The effect of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) density on the survival and growth of California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis Ayres) larvae. Marine Environmental Research 38: 71-75.

Rosales-Casian, J. A., I. Alfonso-Hernandez, and N. G. Hammann. 1990. The effect of seawater chlorination on the survival and growth of California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis Ayres) larvae, in laboratory conditions. Ciencias Marinas 16: 31-46.

Stiassny, M. L. J., L. R. Parenti, and G. D. Johnson, Eds. 1996. Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego.

Taylor, M. 1990. Estuarine and intertidal teleosts. In A. D. Munro, A. P. Scott, and T. J. Lam (eds.), Reproductive Seasonality in Teleosts: Environmental Influences, pp. 109-124. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Vasquez-Yeomans, L., E. Carrillo-Barrios-Gomez, and E. Sosa-Cordero. 1990. The effect of the nanoflagellate Tetraselmis suecica on the growth and survival of the grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, larvae. Environmental Biology of Fishes 29: 193-200.

Vasquez-Yeomans, L and E. Sosa-Cordero. 1992. Culture of grunion Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres) larvae to metamorphosis, in the laboratory. Ciencias Marinas 18: 1-18.

Watson, W. 1996. Atheriniformes. In H. G. Moser (ed.), The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. California Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Atlas 33, pp. 608-619.

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1980-1989

Allen, L. G., M. H. Horn, F. A. Edmands II, and C. A. Usui. 1983. Structure and seasonal dynamics of the fish assemblage in the Cabrillo Beach area of Los Angeles Harbor, California. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. 82: 47-70.

Ambrose, M., N. S. Walker, J. Hawk. 1981. Captain Mike’s Complete Guide to Grunion Hunting. Oak Tree Press, La Jolla, CA.

Borthwick, P. W., J. M. Patrick, Jr., and D. P. Middaugh. 1985. Comparative acute sensitivities of early life stages of Atherinid fishes to chlorpyrifos and thiobencarb. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14: 465-473.

Brandon, J. L. and F. J. Rokop. 1985. Life Between the Tides: The Natural History of the Common Seashore Live of Southern California. American Southwest Publishing Co., San Diego, CA.

Canning, E. U. and A. C. Olson, Jr. 1980. Nosema lepocreadii sp. n., a parasite of Lepocreadium manteri (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) from the gut of the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis. J. Parasitology 66: 154-159.

Canning, E. U. and A. C. Olson, Jr. 1983. The ultrastructure of Nosema lepocreadii Canning and Olson, 1979 (Microspora, Nosematidae) and its relevance to the generic diagnosis of Nosema Nageli, 1857. J. Parasitology 69: 143-151.

Clark, J. R., J. M. Patrick, Jr., D. P. Middaugh, and J. C. Moore. 1985. Relative sensitivity of six estuarine fishes to carbophenothion, chlorpyrifos, and fenvalerate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 10: 382-390.

Crabtree, C. B. 1983. Assessment of genetic differentiation within the atherinid genus Leuresthes. Isozyme Bull. 16: 77.

Crabtree, C. B. 1987. Allozyme evidence for the phylogenetic relationships within the silverside subfamily Atherinopsinae. Copeia 1987: 860-867.

Ehrlich, K. F. and G. Muszynski. 1982. Effects of temperature on interactions of physiological and behavioral capacities of larval California grunion: adaptations to the planktonic environment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 60: 223-224.

Eschmeyer, W. N., E. S. Herald, and H. Hammann. 1983. A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Fritzsche, R.A., R.H. Chamberlin, and R.A. Fisher. 1985. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Southwest) – California grunion. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82(11.28). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 12 pp.

Goodman, L. R., D. J. Hansen, G. M. Cripe, D. P. Middaugh and J. C. Moore. 1985. New early life-stage toxicity test using the California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis) and results with chlorpyrifos. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 10:12-21.

Goodson, G. 1988. Fishes of the Pacific Coast. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Gruber, D., E. H. Ahlstrom, and M. M. Mullin. 1982. Distribution of ichthyoplankton in the Southern California Bight. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. 23: 172-179.

Hose, J.E. and H. W. Puffer. 1984. Oxygen consumption rates of grunion (Leuresthes tenuis) embryos exposed to the petroleum hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene. Environmental Research 35: 413-420.

McConnaughey, B. H. and E McConnaughey. 1985. Audobon Society Nature Guide: Pacific Coast. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 633 pp.

Middaugh, D. P. 1981. Reproductive ecology and spawning periodicity of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (Pisces: Atherinidae). Copeia 1981: 766-776.

Middaugh, D. P. and M. J. Hemmer. 1984. Spawning of the tidewater silverside, Menidia peninsulae (Goode and Bean), in response to tidal and lighting schedules in the laboratory. Estuaries 7: 139-148.

Middaugh, D. P. and T. Takita. 1983. Tidal and diurnal spawning cues in the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 8: 97-104.

Middaugh, D. P., R. G. Domey, and G. I. Scott. 1984. Reproductive rhythmicity of the Atlantic silverside. Trans. American Fisheries Society 113: 472-478.

Middaugh, D. P., H. W. Kohl, and L. E. Burnett. 1983. Concurrent measurement of intertidal environmental variables and embryo survival for the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, and Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (Pisces: Atherinidae). Calif. Fish and Game 69: 89-96.

Middaugh, D. P., G. I. Scott, and J. M. Dean. 1981. Reproductive behavior of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (Pisces, Atherinidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 6: 269-276.

Mullin, M. M. and E. R. Brooks. 1988. Extractable lipofuscin in larval marine fish. Fishery Bulletin 86: 407-415.

Ricketts, E. F., J. Calvin, J. W. Hedgpeth, and D. W. Phillips. 1985. Between Pacific Tides, 5th edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Rosen, D. E. and L. R. Parenti. 1981. Relationships of Oryzias, and the groups of atherinomorph fishes. Am. Mus. Novit. 2719: 1-25.

Russell, G. A., D. P. Middaugh, M. J. Hemmer. 1987. Reproductive rhythmicity of the Atherinid fish, Colpichthys regis, from Estero Del Soldado, Sonora, Mexico. Calif. Fish and Game 73: 169-174.

Spratt, J. D. 1986. The amazing grunion. Marine Resource Leaflet No. 3, Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game.

Taylor, M. 1984. Lunar synchronization of fish reproduction. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113: 484-493.

Tewksbury, H. T. II and D. O. Conover. 1987. Adaptive significance of intertidal egg deposition in the Atlantic silverside Menidia menidia. Copeia 1987: 76-83.

Watson, W. and R. L. Davis, Jr. 1989. Larval fish diets in shallow coastal waters off San Onofre, California. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 87: 569-591.

Winkler, D. L., K. L. Duncan, J. E. Hose, and H. W. Puffer. 1983. Effects of benzo(a)pyrene on the early development of the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Pisces, Atherinidae). U.S. National Marine Fisheries Services, Fishery Bulletin 41(3): 473-481.

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1970-1979

Castro, T., and M. Yoshida. 1974. Los grunones curiosas criaturas del mar. Ciencias Marinas, 1(2):92-95.

Ehrlich, K. F. 1977. Inhibited hatching success of marine fish eggs by power plant effluent. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8: 228-229.

Ehrlich, K. F. and D. A. Farris. 1970. Effect of temperature on the number of myomeres in newly hatched grunion (Leuresthes tenuis). Copeia 1970(4): 774-775.

Ehrlich, K. F. and D. A. Farris. 1971. Some influences of the temperature on the development of the grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Ayers). Calif. Fish & Game. 57(1): 56-68.

Ehrlich, K. F. and D. A. Farris. 1972. Some influences of temperature on the development of the grunion Leuresthes tenuis, an atherine fish. Marine Biology 12: 267-271.

Fitch, J. E. and R. J. Lavenberg. 1971. California Marine Food and Game Fishes. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Fitch, J. E. and R. J. Lavenberg. 1975. Tidepool and Nearshore Fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Greenwood, P. H., R. S. Miles, and C. Patterson, eds. 1973. Interrelationships of Fishes, Academic Press, London.

May, Robert C. 1971. Effects of delayed initial feeding on larvae of the grunion, Leuresthes tenius (Ayers). U.S. Fish. Bull. 69(2): 411-425.

Miller, D. J. and R. N. Lea. 1972. Guide to the Coastal Marine Fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, 249 pp.

Moffatt, N. M. 1977. Thermal effects on the survival and development of embryonic grunions, Leuresthes sardina and L. tenuis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson. 88 pp.

Moffatt, N. M. and D.A. Thomson. 1975. Taxonomic status of the Gulf grunion (Leuresthes sardina) and its relationship to the California grunion (L. tenuis). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 18(4): 75-84.

Moffatt, N. M. and D.A. Thomson. 1978. Reciprocal hybridization between the California and Gulf of California grunions, Leuresthes tenuis and Leuresthes sardina (Atherinidae). Fish. Bull. 76(2): 476-480.

Moffatt, N. M. and D. A. Thomson. 1978. Tidal influence on the evolution of egg size in the grunions (Leuresthes, Atherinidae). Environmental Biology of Fish 3: 267-273.

Muench, Kevin A. 1977. Behavioral ecology and spawning periodicity of the Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Arizona. 92 pp.

North, W. J. 1976. Underwater California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Olson, A.C., Jr. 1972. Argulus melanostictus and other parasitic crustaceans on the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae). Journal of Parasitology 58: 1201-1204.

Olson, A. C., Jr. 1975. Metacercaria of Bucephalopsis labiatus (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) in the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis. Journal of Parasitology 61: 50.

Olson, A. C., Jr. 1976. Asymphylodora atherinopsidis (Trematoda: Monorchiidae) from the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, including a redescription. Journal of Parasitology 63: 295-298.

Olson, A. C., Jr. 1978. Lepocreadium manteri sp. N. (Trematoda: Lepocreadiidae) from the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, and its hyperparasitic microsporidan. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 45: 155-157.

Olson, L. J. 1979. Host-parasite associations of the grunions, Leuresthes sardina and Leuresthes tenuis from the Gulf of California. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona. 97 pp.

Reynolds, W. W. 1973. Orientation responses of laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Gulf grunion (Leuresthes sardina) to artificial gradients. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Arizona. 93 pp.

Reynolds, W. W. and D. A. Thomson. 1974. Ontogenetic change in the response of the Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina (Jenkins & Evermann), to a salinity gradient. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 14: 211-216.

Reynolds, W. W. and D. A. Thomson. 1974. Responses of young Gulf grunion, Leuresthes sardina, to gradients of temperature, light, turbulence and oxygen. Copeia 1974: 747-758.

Reynolds, W. W., D. A. Thomson, and M. E. Casterlin. 1976. Temperature and salinity tolerances of larval California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres): A comparison with gulf grunion, L. sardina (Jenkins & Evermann). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 24: 73-82.

Reynolds, W. W., D. A. Thomson, and M. E. Casterlin. 1977. Responses of young California grunion Leuresthes tenuis to gradients of temperature and light. Copeia 1977(1): 144-149.

Rosen, D. E. 1973. Interrelationships of higher euteleostean fishes. Pp. 397-513 in Interrelationships of Fishes, P. H. Greenwood, R. S. Miles, and C. Patterson, eds. Academic Press, London.

Southern California Ocean Studies Consortium of the California State University and Colleges. 1978. Report on grunion spawning at McGrath State Beach, Ventura County, California. Unpublished, prepared for the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. Contract # DACW09-78-C0008.

Thompson, D. A. and K. A. Muench. 1976. Influence of tides and waves on the spawning behavior of the Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina (Jenkins and Evermann). Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. 75: 198-203.

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1960-1969

Breder, C. M. and D. E. Rosen. 1966. Modes of Reproduction in Fishes. Natural History Press, Garden City, NY.

Garey, W. F. 1962. Cardiac responses of fishes in asphyxic environments. Biological Bulletin 122: 362-368.

Hubbs, Clark. 1965. Developmental temperature tolerance and rates of four southern California fishes, Fundulus parvipinnis, Atherinops affinis, Leuresthes tenius, and Hypsoblennius sp. Calif. Fish & Game 51(2): 113-122.

Crane, J.M. 1969. The response of male grunion to a wiggling stick. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 68(3):191-193.

Daugherty, A. E. 1962. California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis. Pages 29-30 in California ocean fisheries resources to the year 1960. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.79 pp.

Herald, E. S. 1962. Living Fishes of the World. Doubleday, New York.

Mercieca, Anthony, and Robert C. Miller. 1969. The spawning of the grunion. Pacific Discovery 22(1): 26-27.

Scholander, P. F., E. Bradstreet, and W. F. Garey. 1962. Lactic acid response in the grunion. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 6: 201-203.

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1950-1959

McHugh, J.L. 1954. The influence of light on the number of vertebrae in the grunion Leuresthes tenuis. Copeia 1954(1): 23-25.

Cannon, R. 1953. How to Fish the Pacific Coast. Lane Publishing, Menlo Park, CA.

Olson, A.C. 1950. Ground squirrels and horned larks as predators upon grunion eggs. Calif. Fish Game 36(3): 323-327.

Olson, A.C., Jr. 1955. Parasites of the grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres). Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State College, 36 pp.

Pearse, A. S. 1953. A new copepod parasite from the grunion. J. Parasitol. 39: 332-333.

Rechnitzer, A. 1952. A wave of fish. Natural History 61(7): 321-325.

Stock, J. H. 1955. A new Bomolochus (Copepoda parasitica) from the California grunion. Beaufortia 5(49): 55-59.

Walker, Boyd W. 1952. A guide to the grunion. Calif. Fish & Game 38(3):409-420.

Walker, Boyd W. 1959. The timely grunion. Natural History 68(6):301-307.

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1940-1949

Korringa, P. 1947. Relations between the moon and periodicity in the breeding of marine animals. Ecological Monographs 17: 349-381.

Phillips, J. B. 1943. Grunion in Monterey Bay. Calif. Fish & Game 29: 82.

Walker, B. W. 1947. The beach-spawning grunion. Aquari. J. Nov. 1947: 8-12.

Walker, Boyd W. 1949. The periodicity of spawning by the grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, and atherine fish. PhD. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles.

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1930-1939

Clark, Francis N. 1938. Grunion in southern California. Calif. Fish & Game 24(1):49-54.

David, L.R. 1939. Embryonic and early larval stages of the grunion, Leuresthes tenius, and the sculpin, Scorpaena guttata. Copeia 1939(2): 75-81.

Thompson, W. F. 1936. The spawning of the silver smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus. Ecology 17: 158-168.

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1920-1929

Clark, Frances N. 1925. The life history of Leuresthes tenius, an atherine fish with tide controlled spawning habits. Calif. Fish & Game 10:1-51 plus plate.

Clark, Francis N. 1926. Conservation of the grunion. Calif. Fish & Game 12(4):163-166.

Clark, Francis N. 1928a. Grunion at La Jolla. Calif. Fish & Game 14(1):89-90.

Clark, Francis N. 1928b. Grunion on Cabrillo Beach. Calif. Fish & Game 14(4):273-274.

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1900-1919

Barnhart, P.S. 1918. The spawning of the little-smelt Leuresthes tenius (Ayres). Calif. Fish & Game 4:181-182.

Thompson, W. F. 1919. The spawning of the grunion (Leuresthes tenuis). Calif. Fish & Game 5: 201.

Hubbs, Carl L., 1916. Notes on the marine fishes of California. Univ. of Calif. Publ. Zoology 16 (13): 153-169.

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Before 1900

Ayres, W. O. 1860. [Descriptions of fishes.] Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 1) 73-77.

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Published Abstracts (reverse chronological)

Martin, K. L., B. Cupp, C. Stivers, M. Studer. 2006. Rapid acquisition of citizen scientist data across large distances: Grunion Greeters and the internet along the California Coast. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences A105: 44.

Matsumoto, J. K. and K. L. Martin. 2006. Effects of altered salinity during incubation on California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences A105: 54.

Martin, K. L., P. B. Johnson, C. Moravek, R. Ashley, J. Matsumoto. 2006. Citizen scientists assess populations of an elusive, charismatic fish. Integrative and Comparative Biology 45(6): 1038.

Martin, K., B. Cupp, and P. Johnson. 2005. The greatest grunion hunt in 50 years: California grunion sightings across the season and along the coast in 2004. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 104 (S2): 35.

Jahn, A. 2004. Summertime distribution of three species of atherinopsid fishes in east-central San Francisco Bay. Bull. Southern Calif. Acad. Sci. 103: 34-35.

Martin, K., E. Robbins, J. Hernandez, T. Speer-Blank, and P. Johnson 2004. Walking on moonlit beaches: Three years of volunteers monitoring the grunion in San Diego. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44: 725
Martin, K. L. M., T. Speer, R. Pommerening, J. Flannery, and K. Carpenter. 2003. "Grunion Greeters": Volunteer monitoring of grunion runs in San Diego. Bull. Southern Calif. Acad. Sci. A102: 43.

Martin, K. L. M. 2003. Beach spawning fishes and the evolution of air-breathing. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 134A: S116.

Carpenter, K. A., R. Pommerening, T. Speer, J. Flannery, and K. Martin. 2003. Does beach grooming harm grunion eggs? Bull. Southern Calif. Acad. Sci.. A102: 31.

Flannery, J. A. and K. L. M. Martin. 2002. Temperature sensitivity and stages of grunion egg development. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42:1230.

German, D. P., M. H. Horn, and A. Gawlicka. 2002. Digestive enzyme activities in herbivorous and carnivorous prickleback fishes (Teleostei: Stichaeidae): ontogenetic and phylogenetic effects. The Physiologist 45: 306.

Martin, K. L. M., E. A. Smyder, and A. Walker. 2002. Plasticity and constraints of grunion developmental timing. The Physiologist 45: 369.

Rumble, J., Martin, K., and T. Vandergon. 2001. Choriolytic enzyme in the California grunion fish, Leuresthes tenuis. American Zoologist 41: 366A.

Speer, T. and K. Martin. 2001. Events at hatching in eggs of the California grunion fish, Leuresthes tenuis. American Zoologist 41: 394A.

Martin, K.L.M. 1999. Hypotheses about the evolution of semi-lunar-spawning in three clades of Teleosts. American Zoologist 39: 47A.

Horn, M. H. and W. M. Dahdul. 1999. Changes in diet of terns and skimmers nesting at the Western Salt Works in south San Diego Bay: apparent responses to climate change and shifts in prey populations. Pacific Seabirds 26(1): 51.

Griem, J.N. and K.L.M. Martin. 1997. Predatory birds are present on the beach before and during California grunion runs. American Zoologist 37: 82A.

Van Winkle, R.C. and K.L.M. Martin. 1995. A field study of anaerobiosis during terrestrial spawning in the grunion. American Zoologist 35: 98A.

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Last updated March 2006